人体适应能力结构维度的理论研究

A Theoretical Study on Structure-dimensional of Human Physical Adaptation

反映中国人体质状况的国民体质监测已经成为我国的一项政府性工作,体质研究也已成为体育领域的研究热点。理论上人体体质包括形态结构、生理机能、身体素质及运动能力、心理因素和适应能力五个方面,但因测量方法的限制,在现行的国民体质监测指标中仅包括前三项内容。本研究通过文献资料法、访谈法和开放式调查法对体质理论中的适应能力进行了深入的理论研究,认为人体适应能力是人维持身体与内外环境间平衡的能力,具体指个体维持自身与其生存的自然环境、社会环境及生理环境间协调,最大限度地保持自身健康的能力。人体适应能力结构划分为三个维度:1)对自然环境的适应(4个子维度);2)对社会环境的适应(3个子维度);3)对自身生理性改变的适应及对疾病的抵抗能力(4个子维度)。

The monitoring system of national physique has become the routine work of government, and the study of national physique is also a topic of general interest. Human physique consists of five aspects： body morphology, physiological function, physical quality and movement capability, psychological quality, adaptive capacity. But the current monitoring system of national physique consists of the first three indices because so far we have not a practical method of measurement of the last two factors. This paper focused on physical adaptation using material gathering, interviewing, opening questionnaire, major conclusions arrived at by this study as follow： physical adaptation is the capability of the humans to maintain the balance between the human body and the internal and external environment, it means the capability of an individual to harmonize itself with its natural, social and physiological environment and to keep maximally its health. The theoretical model worked out by this study is that the structural dimension of human physical adaptation can be divided into three indices, namely, the capability to adapt to the natural environment （4 second-level indices）, the capability to adapt to the social environment （3 second-level indices）, the capability to adapt to the physiological environment change and the ability of resistance to disease （4 second-level indices）.