“五胡乱华”和“孝文帝改革”:事件、叙述与认同——以清末民国时期中学中国历史教科书为中心

The Turmoil the Five Northern Minorities Caused in Central China and the Reform of Emperor Xiaowendi: Event,Narrative and Identity

清末民国时期中学中国历史教科书中,对"五胡乱华"与"孝文帝改革"有着不同的评价。清末认为五胡乱华给中国带来了灾难,孝文帝改革是北魏衰落的根由。民国成立后,认为五胡之乱尽管给中原人民带来了灾难,但这些北方民族最终同化于汉族,促进了中国民族的发展。20世纪30年代后,强调这些北方民族对中华民族形成的意义和中国文化发展的贡献,认为各民族互相融合,形成一个新的中华民族。这一评价变化过程,是中国民族认知不断发展、不断调整叙述策略以建构民族认同的过程。

There have been different comments on the Turmoil the Five Northern Minorities Caused in Central China and the Reform of Emperor Xiaowendi in the history textbooks in Late Qing dynasty and the period of the Republic of China. The general opinion in Late Qing dynasty is that the Turmoil had brought disaster to China and the Reform was the cause of the decline.of Northern Wei dynasty. After the foundation of Republic of China, however, people tended to think that, though the Turmoil had brought disaster to central China, these northern minorities finally merged into Han nationality, and accelerated the development of Chinese nation. Since the 1930s, scholars began to pay more attention to the significance of these northern minorities in the formation of the Chinese nation and the development of Chinese culture, believing that all these nationalities merge together to form a new Chinese nation. This change of opinion actually reflects the process during which the Chinese nation develops its cognitive pattern, adjusts its narrative strategies in order to construct a general national identity.