马克思恩格斯论人的活动目的

Marx and Enges'thought about the Purpose of Human activities

马克思恩格斯是通过人的活动及其目的性来揭示人的生存特性的。目的性,是事物活动有利于自身生存的意向性特征。自然界发展到有机物就开始具有目的性活动特征,但有机物只具有自然合目的性,只有人才具有自觉的有意识的目的性活动特征。人的活动及其目的体现出人的存在状态。人的活动目的根源于人的需要,具有不同的类型和层次,既有功利目的又有超功利目的,既有现实目的又有终极目的,既有外在目的又有内在目的。自然合目的活动,如基本的生理活动表现的是人的自然属性,呈现出自然人状态;功利性目的的生产劳动,如工人、农民的工作等表现出人的社会属性,呈现出社会人状态;超功利性目的的审美、艺术、体育、旅游等自我实现活动表现出人的精神属性,呈现出文化人状态。自然合目的性活动的自然人状态是人生而具有的先天既定的已有状态;功利性目的生产劳动的社会人状态是人后天学文化受教育的现实存在状态;超功利性的审美、艺术、体育、旅游等自我实现的文化人状态是人趋向的理想状态。三种活动目的交织在一起共同形成人的现实存在。因此,人的本质不是既定的已是,而是现实的生成,是通过社会生产劳动不断变化生成的。正是在这种意义上,马克思把社会性看成人的本质属性,其根本特征是"自由自觉的"有目的的实践活动。人类的历史就是追求自己目的的人的活动。人的现实的功利目的就是当下人的物质存在,但人之为人在于除此之外,还有超功利的终极目的。人的本质的自我实现活动是人超功利的终极目的和内在目的,表现为人的理想和追求等精神属性。

Marx and Engels reveal the survival character of humans through the activities of human beings and the intention of their activities. The intention is a tendentious character which makes benefit from its activities. Nature has a purposive active character when it evolves into organic matter. But organic matter only has natural purposal quality. Only human has the intentional active quality which is conscious. The conscious and purposal activity is a basic character through which human can differentiate from other existential matter. The activity of human and its aim show the existential state. Human is the most complicated existential matter and a whole which includes natural quality, social quality and spiritual quality. Active aim of humans results from the needs of them. This kind of needs has different patterns and levels , such as utilitarian, super utilitarian, realistic, ultimate, extrinsic and intrinsic, etc. natural purposal activities like basic physiological activities show natural quality and the natural state of human themselves utilitarian productive labor such as workers＇and peasants＇work has a kind of social quality and rakes on the social state of human. Self - realized activities show the spiritual quality and the natural state of human, for example, super utilitarian appreciation of the beauty, art, spent, and tour, etc. The natural state of humans is an innate state, the social state of humans is a realistic existential state in which one continually accepts new knowledge. The utilitarian state of humans is an ideal state that we tend to achieve. The three activities mingle together to form the realistic existence of humans. In a word, nature of humans is not innate but forms in the social labor. In this sense, Marx believes that social quality is the basic quality of humans and its basic character is the practical activity which is conscious and intentional. The realistic and utilitarian aim of humans is a kind of material existence themselves. Furthermore, it has super utilitarian and ultimate aims. Self - realized activities which reflect the nature of humans is super utilitarian, ultimate and intrinsic and show the spiritual quality of human like people＇s ideals and pursuits.