中国古代“恶”之存在论与价值论探讨

On Ontology and Axiology of Evil Human Natrue in Ancient China

从存在论角度来说,人的本质属性——自然属性与社会属性构成中国古代性恶论的前提和根据。从价值论层面而言,古代性恶论者主张抑恶扬善或存善除恶。这就导致古代性恶论的悖论,一方面在存在论上肯定"恶"有存在的事实和根据,另方面在价值论上却否定"恶"的正当性和合理性。正是因为性恶论者最终的价值取向是使人成善、为善,性恶论和性善论在善恶问题上是殊途同归的:在存在论意义上是殊途——性恶论者道性恶而性善论者道性善,而在价值论意义上是同归——为善。但在去"恶"、除"恶"的正统思想之外,宋明时期的功利学派却不同程度地肯定了"恶"的正当性和合理性。

On the aspect of ontology, human＇s essential attribution, natural attribution and social attribution, consist the premise and basis of ancient Chain evil. On the aspect of axiology, the ancient philosopher who believe human nature is bad advocated we should suppress evil and promote goodness or eliminate evil and save goodness. It leads to the paradox of the ancient theory which is human nature is bad, on the way of ontology, we confirms evil has existent fact and foundation, while we deny the evil＇s rationality and legitimately on the aspect of axiology. The final orientation value of the people who believe human nature is bad makes people being good. The theories of human nature is good and human nature is bad reached the same goal by different routes on the problem of goodness and evil ： there are different routes in the sense of ontology while they have the same goal which is for goodness on the sense of axiology. But to the orthodox thinking of evil, utilitarianism of Song Ming dynasties affirmed the evil＇s rationality and legitimately in some degrees.