蚊科的区系分布及其演变的初步探讨(双翅目:蚊科)

FAUNISTIC DISTRIBUTION AND EVOLUTION OF CULICID MOSQUITOES (D1PTERA: CULICIDAE)

本文以现知世界蚊类38属3357种和亚种的区系分布及形态特征资料为基础,应用系统发育原理和数值分析方法,对蚊类的起源、扩散和现代蚊类区系分布模式的形成作初步探讨。根据世界六大动物分布区的蚊种、蚊属、独有属及单种属数,进化距离等基础数据,画出蚊科各属区系分布演化图,显示按蚊亚科和巨蚊亚科比较原始,库蚊亚科比较进化。根据特有属和共有属的计算分析,画出六大区系间蚊类相近程度和扩散的树状图,此两图的图形趋势完全一致,表明新热带界可能是现存蚊类的起源地,以及扩散路线及各界之间具有的相应历史联系。根据蚊类主体与外环境的历史变迁,论述现代蚊类区系分布模式是一个复杂的、多因素的、主客观长期相互适应的结果。

An numerical phylogenetic analysis based on faunistic distribution of the world's known mosquitoes of 38 genera 3357 species and subspecies were studied. A tree topography drawn by species quantification and faunistic distribution to analyse the phylogenetic relationship between 3 subfamilies and 38 genera of Culicidae. The results shows that both the subfamily Anophelinae and Toxorhynchitinae are primitive groups, while the Culicinae with more evolutionary trends. According to their wide distribution and numerous species numbers, it seems that the genus Culex and Aedes becomes the specialized heigher group among Culicidac.The tree topography of the similarity and expansion route based on numerical analyse of the communal and endemic genera of mosquitoes from 6 zoo-geographical regions (Palearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian, Nearctic, Neotropical) gives the similar images. The figures shows that the Neotropical region is place of origin of mosquitoes, and the Australian, Ethiopian, Oriental were the intermediate regions among the expansion.It might suggest that the evolutional history of the mosquitoes may trace back at least to 40-50 million years ago. The archetype of mosquitoes had undergone a long times for natural selections by greatly changes of the environment, especially the factors of continental drift, climate, food, natural enemies, and activities of human being, and then forms the modern mosquito species composition and distribution types. Although we don't have enough fossils for study, but the phylogenetic analysis methods may give us some new ideas for the evolution of culicid mosquitoes.