我国古代劳动卫生与职业病史的研究

Investigation on Chinese Ancient Occupational Health and Occupational Disease History.

目的探索我国古代劳动卫生与职业病的发生发展史。方法曾多次深入浙江省遂昌县古银矿场踏堪和收集唐、宋、元、明的遗迹，并在浙江省图书馆古籍部阅读查考有关文献百余部。结果发现远在公元前21世纪的夏代工业生产中，古工匠作业环境已有物理、化学、生物性有害因素的存在，职业病、职业性多发病、职业性外伤多有发生。到公元前七世纪的周代，建立了中国特有的“匠籍制度”，形成了我国古代劳动卫生与职业病有别于其他国家的三点特色。本丈以浙江省遂昌县古银矿场为例，深入研究了我国古代主要的职业危害因素（粉尘、毒物、热辐射、不良气象条件、不良体位和工伤事故），主要职业病f尘肺，砷、铅、汞、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、瓦斯等中毒，职业性皮肤病，职业性眼病，中暑，皮肤烧伤，职业性肿瘤等）及与劳动条件有关疾患的特点、病因、临床表现、诊断、治疗与预防方法。探讨了古代职业安全卫生管理方面的政策措施，阐述了清政府1654年颁布的4个有关劳动保护和工伤保险制度的深远历史意义，系统介绍了古代劳动卫生技术措施的几项革新成果（烧爆法采矿，榫接与搭接相结合的巷道支护，利用热压与气压差通风，雏形矿灯，人力传动鼓风机局部通风，人力脚踏龙骨水车矿用排水，杠杆与轮子组合的起吊平台和矿井运输，采用灯火试验、动物试验测试井下有害气体，绳铃报警等）和著名医药学家、学者李时珍、孔平仲、申斗垣与科学家宋应星等的职业卫生学术思想及实践。

Objective To search for the phylogeny of Chinese ancient occupational health and occupational disease. Methods The author went to ancient silver mine in Zhejiang Suichang County for several times to prove and collect relic in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming dynasty, to consult more than one hundred of related literatures in ancient books area of Zhejiang Library, and find that there＇re physical. Results Chemic and biologic bad ctors already existed in ancient workman＇s working environment during industry production in Xia dynasty 21century BC, and occupational disease, occupational, occupational trauma happened frequently. In Zhou dynasty 7＇h century BC, Chinese special system of workman＇s registered permanent residence had been established, and three characteristics of Chinese ancient occupational health and occupational disease which is different with other countries came into being. In this text, take the ancient silver mine in Zhejiang Suichang county as example, we lucubrated the characteristic, pathogeny, clinical behavior, diagnose, cure and prevention of Chinese ancient primary productive bad factors （such as dust, poison, hot radiation, bad weather, bad position and accident）, primary occupational diseases （such as pulmonary disease caused by dust, poisoning caused by arsenic, plumbum, hydrargyrum, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and gas, occupational skin disease, occupational eye disease, heat stroke, skin bum and occupational tumescence disease）, and work-related diseases and discussed the system measures about ancient occupational safety and health management, and expatiate the deep historical meaning of four systems about production protection and accident insurance issued by Qing dynasty in 1654,we introduced several reform fruits of technical measures on ancient production safety and health （such as mining by burn and burst, laneway shoring combined by and join, aeration by making use of hot pressure and air pressure difference, rudiment miner＇s lamp. aeration partially by fan with manpower transmission, drain by using keel mill wheel with manpower step, mine transportation and suspend fiat roof combine with lever and wheel, by using lamplight test and animal test to check whether there＇s hurtful gas, alarm by line and bell）, and academic ideas and practice of famous medicine specialist and scholar Li Shizhen, Kong Pingzhong, Shen Douheng and scientist Song Yingxing.