偃麦草属种质资源在普通小麦育种中的应用现状简介

Summary of the situation for applying genetic resources from Elytrigia in Triticum aestivum breeding

小麦作为我国最主要的粮食作物之一,其品质和产量的稳步提高对国家粮食安全起着极其重要的作用。偃麦草属作为小麦属的近缘属,具有很多普通小麦本身所不具备的遗传特性。控制这些特性的基因对改良普通小麦的抗性和品质等方面具有重要作用。本研究就偃麦草属种质资源在普通小麦远缘杂交育种中的应用现状进行了总结,涉及利用偃麦草属创制育种材料的研究和偃麦草属在改良小麦特性育种方面的应用。在后者中,分别从偃麦草属中的一些物种在小麦抗病、提高小麦抗逆境性能和改良小麦谷蛋白品质育种等方面进行了简介。结果表明,引入偃麦草属中的一些种的新的抗病基因,如抗条锈病的基因,抗黄矮病的基因以及抗赤霉病的基因等,发现其后代出现有优良的抗相关病的突变体,而且通过偃麦草与普通小麦的杂交及回交转育工作,获得了抗旱和耐胁迫的品质比较优良的小麦品种,偃麦草属在改良小麦谷蛋白品质方面有一初步介绍。

Elytrigia is a wild genus related to common Triticum aestivum and has many important genes or traits for T. aestivum yield and quality improvement. Previous investigations focused on the characterization of Elytrigia by cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Elytrigia elongata is one of the diploid species in this genus. Many resistance resources were found in this species, and some have been transmitted to common T. aestivum to enhance resistance to abiotic stress, insects, fungi and other microbes. For example, we have found a gene which can be incorporated into common T. aestivum to enhance resistance to Puccinia striiformis or to barley yellow dwarf virus. Breeding Elytrigia and common T. aestivum together, we get a new genus with better resistance to drought and salt stress. Furthermore, the high molecular weight glutenin subunits and their structure gene locus on the long arms of 1E chromosome of E. elongata, were analysed and sequenced to facilitate their future use in studies on T. aestivum breeding. Thus this paper summarizes the state of use of Elytrigia.