略论汉初的黄老之学与儒学

Taoism and Confucianism in Early Han Dynasty

西汉初期,叔孙通虽以儒学为高祖制礼仪,但也不过是点缀升平,并未被真正重视;陆贾著《新书》宣传文武之道,高祖忙于削平异姓侯王,儒学分封诸侯的思想,自然不适用。文帝喜"刑名,"景帝不任儒者。可见,儒学在西汉初期处于不得重视、暗中发展的情形。可是,黄老之学由于主张休养生息,清静无为,以及其"形名相实"的理论,最能适应西汉初期政治经济发展的需要,因而黄老之学成为汉初70余年间的基本统治思想。这种局面的打破是武帝即位以后的事,从此儒学便被奉为官方哲学,走上了神坛。

Though., in early years of West Han Dynasty, Shu Suntong helped Emperor Gaozu set up rituals in accordance to Confucian concepts, Confucianism was not thought highly of. The Confucian idea of de-centralization could not be accepted at that time when Lu Gu popularized his idea of civil and military rule in his The New Book and Emperor Gaozu tried to get rid of military com-missioners with different family names. Furthermore, both Wendi and Jingdi, successors of Gaozu, did not pay much attention to the Confucian scholars. In contrast to the low status of Confucianism, Taoism, due to the concept of non-interference, met the require-ments of political and economic development of West Han in the early decades and thus became the fundamental ruling ideology those years. The dominance of Taoism for 70 years was not challenged until the reign of Han Wu Di, who made Confucianism the official philosophy and enshrined it.