国家石油公司上下游一体化的内因及影响

Internal causes and impact of upstream-downstream integration in NOCs

近年来,历史上以上游业务为主的国家石油公司(NOC)一直在加快发展炼油化工、市场销售等业务,产业链不断向下游延伸。资源国国家石油公司发展下游业务的根本动因在于保障国家石油需求安全,具体的内因包括:1)石油产业的自然属性和一体化经营的要求;2)加强与国际石油公司(IOC)竞合的需要;3)构筑国家石油产业体系的需要。国家石油公司既可以立足国内,在资源地发展下游业务,也可以立足国外,在需求地发展下游。亚太、中东、非洲、拉丁美洲以及前苏联地区是国家石油公司发展下游业务的战略重点区域。国家石油公司上下游一体化对石油市场的影响:1)与IOC之间日益激烈的产业链竞争,有利于打破国际石油市场垄断,创造新的产业进入和发展机会;2)有利于促进国际石油市场的力量平衡,最终实现国际油价的稳定;3)与IOC在新老产业链上实现竞争与合作。中国的石油企业应加强与NOC、IOC的互利合作,密切关注并积极参与非常规能源和新能源的开发。

In recent years, national oil companies (NOC) engaged in upstream operations have been accelerating their development of operations such as petrochemicals and marketing. Their industrial chains now extend downstream. The fundamental purpose of NOCs in resource-rich nations is to guarantee oil demand security. Specific internal causes are as follows: 1) Requirements intrinsic to the oil industry and requirements of operational integration; 2) The need to enhance competition and cooperation with international oil companies (IOC); 3) The need to develop national oil industry systems. NOCs may have a domestic base and develop downstream operations in resource-rich areas; they may also be based overseas and development in the nations where there is a demand for their product. The Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and the former Soviet Union are the key strategic areas for downstream operations development among NOCs. The impact of integrating upstream and downstream oil-market operations in NOCs will be as follows: 1) Increasingly fierce industrial chain competition with IOCs will help break monopolies in the international oil market and create opportunities for new industries to enter and develop in the market. 2)This will help boost the balance of power in the international oil market and ultimately stabilize international oil prices. 3) Competition and cooperation with IOCs in new and old industrial chains. Chinese enterprises should enhance cooperation with NOCs and IOCs, pay close attention and actively participate in the development of non-conventional and new energy resources.