优秀田径运动员大运动量训练后血液生化指标的变化

Changes in blood biochemical indicators of elite athletes after intensity training

目的:观察优秀田径运动员大强度的运动训练前后血清激素、血清酶和全血乳酸、血红蛋白等生化指标变化。方法:实验于2005-04/2005-05在广西师范大学体育学院田径场和实验室完成,选择16名广西师范大学体育学院的中长跑项目男性运动员,平均(20±1)岁,均无器质性病变和遗传病史,且对检测项目知情同意。①采用递增负荷式中长距离的跑项目进行训练,共4周,训练课间的强度以瑞典生理学家Rorg研制的主观心理感觉的等级表来控制,并且在最后1次训练课上采用最大强度的力竭性运动训练。分3次抽取受试对象静脉血,进行实验前受试对象安静时第1次取样,第2次取样在大强度训练运动后即刻进行取样测定,第3次取样安排在完成上述运动训练次日7∶00～8∶00(运动恢复后)进行。②采用放射免疫分析法测定血清睾酮与皮质醇水平,试剂盒由南京建成生物工程研究所提供;采用岛津公司产全自动生化分析仪测定血清肌酸激酶、血尿素、乳酸脱氢酶等血清酶的活性;采用用美国产YSI-23L全自动乳酸分析仪测定全血乳酸水平,采用全自动血球计数仪进行测定血红蛋白水平。结果:纳入受试对象16名均进入结果分析。①血清睾酮、皮质醇的变化:运动后即刻血清睾酮和皮质醇值分别为(4.56±1.84),(0.20±0.03)μg/L,低于安静时[(4.87±0.20),(0.14±0.03)μg/L,P<0.05],血清睾酮与皮质醇的比值低于安静时及运动恢复后[0.47±0.15,0.65±0.17,0.70±0.21,P<0.01]。②血清肌酸激酶、血尿素、乳酸脱氢酶变化:运动恢复后的血清肌酸激酶活性高于安静时及运动后即刻[(6.86±2.21),(5.79±2.10),(5.20±1.77)μkat/L,P<0.01],乳酸脱氢酶活性高于安静时[(5.18±0.97),(4.28±1.15)μkat/L,P<0.05]。血尿素水平高于安静时及运动后即刻[(178.2±38.7),(151.9±25.2),(100.7±13.9)mg/L,P<0.01]。③全血乳酸和血红蛋白的变化:运动后即刻及运动恢复后血清血红蛋白含量低于安静时[(143.1±7.8),(149.5±13.4),(156.6±11.7)g/L,P<0.01],运动后即刻全血乳酸水平高于安静时及运动恢复后[(9.56±2.05),(3.95±0.93),(2.87±0.71)mmol/L,P<0.01]。结论:大运动量的训练后即刻测定睾酮/皮质醇、乳酸脱氢酶、全血乳酸三项指标、训练恢复期测定肌酸激酶、血尿素两项指标能更好的反映运动强度。

AIM： To observe the changes of blood biochemical indicators （serum hormone, serum enzyme, whole blood lactic acid, hemoglobin） in elite athletes after high-intensity exercise training. METHODS： The experiment was carried out from April to May of 2005 in the Track Field and the Laboratory, Guangxi Normal University Physical Education College. With the informed consents, 16 male student athletes for middle and long distance running were selected, aging （20±1） years and having no history of structural disease and genetic disorder.（1）All the subjects conducted the middle and long distance running with increasing loading for 4 weeks, and exercise intensity was controlled by using the subjective grading of mental impression, which was invented by Rorg. And exhaustive exercise was used at the last training of maximal strength. The venous blood was sampled for three times： before exercise, immediately after the high-intensity exercise, and 7：00-8：00 on the next day after exercise recovery.（2）Serum testosterone and cortisol levels were determined using radio-immunity analysis, and reagent kit was produced by Nanjing Jiancheng Bio-engineering Institute; The activity of serum enzyme （serum creatine kinase, blood urea, lactate dehydrogenase） was assayed by automatic biochemistry analyzer of Shimadzu Company. The levels of whole blood lactic acid and hemoglobin were measured using YSI-23L automatic analyzer and automatic corpuscle count instrument respecively. RESULTS： All the 16 subjects were involved in the result analysis.（1）Changes of serum testosterone and cortisol levels： The levels immediately after the exercise were lower compared with those before exercise [（4.56 ±1.84）, （0.20 ± 0.03） μg/L; （4.87±0.20）, （0.14±0.03） μg/L, P 〈 0.05], and the ratio of serum testosterone/cortisol was also lower than that before exercise and after exercise recovery （0.47±0.15, 0.65±0.17, 0.70±0.21, P 〈 0.01）. （2）Changes of serum creatine kinase, blood urea, lactate dehydrogenase activities： After the exercise recovery, the activity of both serum creatine kinase and blood urea were higher than those before exercise and immediately after exercise [（6.86±2.21）, （5.79±2.10）, （5.20±1.77） μkat/L, P 〈 0.01; （178.2±38.7）, （151.9±25.2）, （100.7±13.9） mg/L, P〈 0.01], and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was also higher than that before exercise [（5.18±0.97）, （4.28±1.15） μkat/L, P 〈 0.05].（3）Changes of whole blood lactic acid and hemoglobin： The level of hemoglobin was decreased immediately after exercise and after exercise recovery compared with before exercise [（143.1±7.8）, （149.5±13.4）, （156.6±11.7） g/L, P 〈 0.01], and the whole blood lactic acid was increased immediately after exercise compared with before exercise and after exercise recovery [（9.56±2.05）, （3.95±0.93）, （2.87±0.71） mmol/L, P 〈 0.01]. CONCLUSION： Determinations of testosterone/cortisol, lactate dehydrogenase and whole blood lactic acid immediately after the high-intensity exercise, and determinations of creatine kinase and blood urea during the exercise recovery will better reflect the intensity of sports training.