过度训练机制的研究进展

Progress in overtraining mechanism

目的:了解训练适应的生理机制及过度训练与运动能力的定量关系,明确过度训练和疲劳的生理病理界限。资料来源:应用计算机检索万方数据库和中国知网1984/2006有关过度训练机制方面的文章,以"过度训练","机制","机理"等为检索词,限定文章语种为English或中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取包括过度训练的分类、临床表现、诊断及过度训练产生的病理机制密切相关的文献。排除标准:重复性和内容单一文章。资料提炼:共收集50篇关于过度训练机制方面的研究文献。排除文献内容单一的文章20篇,剩余30篇纳入分析。资料综合:①过度训练的临床表现可分为两型,即交感型和副交感型。其症状、机制、运动项目及好发年龄都有所不同,但都表现为运动能力下降。交感型多发于爆发力及非耐力性项目,而副交感型则多发于耐力运动员。②过度训练的诊断主要建立在病史和典型的身体及心理症状上,并辅以生化指标、心电图、脑电图检查等。③内分泌系统兴奋和抑制之间的不平衡是造成过度训练的主要机制。目前在过度训练时免疫机能变化还不能用来解释和预测过度训练,因为这些变化与基础水平相比差别很小,临床意义不大。同步研究过度训练时的病理形态与机能变化对揭示其发病机制有着重要的意义。结论:对于训练适应的机制及训练与运动能力的定量关系的研究已取得了很大进展,但对训练产生适应和由于过度训练引起机能损害之间的界限仍很模糊。

OBJECTIVE： To discuss the quantitative correlation of physical mechanism of training adaptation and overtraining with exercise capacity, so as to confirm the physiopathological border between overtraining and fatigue. DATA SOURCES： A computer-based online search of Wanfang database and CNKI was undertaken to identify the English or Chinese articles about the overtraining mechanism published from 1984 to 2006 with the key words of ＂overtraining, mechanism＂. STUDY SELECTION： The data were firstly selected to choose those about the classification, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and the pathological mechanism of overtraining. Exclusive criteria： repetitive and identical articles. DATA EXTRACTION： Totally 50 articles about the mechanism of overtraining were collected and 30 were included for analysis after 20 identical articles were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS： （1）The clinical manifestations of overtraining include sympathesis and parasympathesis, which differ in symptoms, mechanisms, sport events and susceptible ages, but are the same in the decrease of motor ability. The former always occurs in burst force and non-endurance exercise, while the parasympathesis appears in endurance athletes.（2）Overtraining is diagnosed by the case history and typical physical and mental symptoms, assisting by the biochemical index, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. （3） The main mechanism of overtraining is the disequilibration of the exaltation and suppression of endocrine system. At present, the changes in the immune function during overtraining could not explain or predict the overtraining, because these changes, which are slightly different with the basic levels, have little clinical significance. The simultaneous studies on the pathological morphous and functional changes during overtraining are important to reveal its pathogenesy. CONCLUSION： Although there is a great progress in the research on the quantitative correlation of the mechanism of training adaptation and overtraining with exercise capacity, it is still not clear to the border of training-induced adaptation and overtraining-induced functional damage.