多金属矿山环境中矿物的微生物分解及环境效应研究进展

Advances in Microbiologically Mediated Dissolution of Metal Sulfides in Polymetallic Mines and Its Environmental Significance

多金属矿山矿物的分解不仅可以形成酸矿水,而且可释放大量有害元素,造成严重的环境污染。在矿物分解、元素释放、迁移、沉淀和富集过程中微生物起了非常重要的作用。在总结微生物分解矿物的机制、微生物–矿物界面作用及生物膜在矿物分解过程中所起的作用基础上,概述了酸矿水中微生物群落的特征和种系演化,对矿山环境金属硫化物生物氧化释放的有害元素的微生物地球化学循环过程以及重金属元素对微生物氧化作用的影响做了系统的论述并讨论了微生物在环境修复中的作用。

The dissolution of the metal sulfides in polymetallic mines not only produces acid mining drainage （AMD）, but also releases the abundant heavy metals into the surroundings, which results in serious environmental contamination. Existing studies indicate that various microorganisms play important roles in the dissolution of minerals and in the release, transportation, precipitation and enrichment of heavy metals. In this papers, the new approaches on the mechanisms of microbiologically mediated dissolution of minerals, the interfacial processes between microbes and minerals, and the function of biofilms are summarized. The features of microbes community and species phylogeny are discussed. Furthermore, the microbiogeochemical cycles of the heavy metals released by the microbiological dissolution of metal sulfides and the influence of the heavy metals on the microbiological oxidation are reviewed. Finally, the potential applications of microorganisms in the remediation of contaminated environments are also addressed.