展屏全是画——论中国古典园林之“景”

Two Kinds of Sceneries of Traditional Chinese Garden

中国古典园林是古代文人的雅居之所,造园家通过对"景"的营造来追求"画意",景是画,画亦成景。古典园林的造景手法可主要归纳为"实景"与"虚景"2大类。"实景"是通过各种造园手法截取出自然景物中能够成画的部分,如对景、框景、夹景、借景、漏景等,均是将天然图画框选出来的技法"。虚景"是利用光影、透视等视觉效果所营造的一种看得见摸不着的景象,如寄啸山庄片石山房的"水中月""镜中花";紫禁城倦勤斋的"墙里园"(通景画);以及大量利用水面倒影成景的实例。

The traditional Chinese gardens are the leisure habitations of traditional Chinese literati. The gardens＇ designers show their picturesque conception by constructing different sceneries. Sceneries are like pictures and pictures are also sceneries. The traditional Chinese gardens＇ sceneries can be classified into two kinds which are material sceneries and visional sceneries. Material scenery is to make the picturesque part of scenery outstanding by using near things as a picture frame of the far scenery. The near things are such as window frame, doorcase, bridge railing or near plants. Visional scenery is to construct nonentity scene by shadow or perspective effects, for example the moon in water and flowers in mirror of Jixiaoshanzhuang, the garden in wall of Forbidden City, and many water shadow sceneries in gardens.