主客异位下的礼仪困境——光绪辛丑年中西外交中的礼仪争论

The rites Contraversy in the exchange of hosts and visitors' status

光绪辛丑年间中西外交中的礼仪争论,既是乾隆以来相关争论的延续,又反映了随着实力地位的转变以及主客实际身份的互换,中西在外交礼仪的制定以及实行过程中主导地位的转移。时人面对既不能决裂、又不能屈从的礼仪困境,种种调整和选择从一个侧面反映了礼仪与国家体制的紧密关系。

The rites controversy between Qing and the West Countries in 1901 was a continuance of the controversy in Middle Qing Dynasty period. That reflected the exchange of hosts and visitors＇status of the both sides accompanied with the transformation of strenth. The position was exchanged in constituting or implementing the diplomatic rites. This embarrassed situation made Qing Goverment had to adjust. This case also reflected the important connection between system and rites in country.