跨国公司技术溢出与溢出地技术区位研究——以上海浦东新区为例

Technology Spillover and Technological Location of Multinational Corporations——a Case Study of Pudong District in Shanghai

跨国公司海外直接投资是发展中国家和地区获得海外资金和转移技术的主要途径之一。在不同尺度上,跨国公司对东道国溢出地技术溢出的影响因子、途径与效应存在着不同。在宏观尺度上,主导影响因子为溢出地的技术势能与宏观技术扩散通道(即宏观技术区位),主要通过东道国从跨国公司母国进口高技术设备等硬件技术来实现,技术扩散的强度高,但对提高东道国技术创新能力的影响不明显;而在微观尺度上,主导影响因子则为溢出地的微观技术扩散环境(即微观技术区位),跨国公司在东道国与供货商、销售商发生前、后向联系,并通过培训员工、与溢出地的大学合作交流等方式进行软技术渗透,技术扩散的强度较低,但对提高东道国技术水平的作用显著。本文阐述了不同尺度技术区位跨国公司技术溢出影响,并通过对上海浦东新区跨国公司及其相关企业的分析研究后发现,跨国公司在东道国微观尺度的技术溢出是发展中国家和地区利用海外直接投资技术转移方式获取先进技术、提高技术势能最为有效的途径。

Foreign direct investment （FDI） of multinational companies is one of the main ways for developing countries and districts to get the capital and transferred technology from overseas countries. In different scale, there exist differences in factors, approach and effects of technology spillover to the destination countries. The authors discussed the influences of technology spillover of multinational companies in different level and scale. By analyzing the multinational companies and relative corporations in Pudong District of Shanghai, the author believe that technology spillover of multinational firms in the micro-scale is the most efficient approach for developing countries and districts to get advanced technology and improving the technology by using overseas＇ FID.