试论宋代士大夫的社会角色

On the Social Role Played by Scholar Officials in Song Dynasty

宋代"以儒立国"、"与士大夫治天下"的治国方略,使文人士大夫阶层的利益与整个社会的利益从根本上取得了一致,从而大大激发了他们入仕参政的积极性,强化了他们以天下为己任的社会角色意识。然而由于宋代官僚机构臃肿庞大,冗官闲官增多,加之有宋一代反复起落的党争,所以在宋代,通过政治权力来实现治国平天下理想的士大夫并不多,他们中的大多数在为政的同时,又对学术文化表现出强烈的兴趣,许多人是亦政亦文亦学术,人生实践与社会角色呈现出多维的态势。宋代之所以能成为"郁郁乎文哉"的文化繁盛时代,与宋代士大夫这种多维的社会角色是密不可分的。

The policy of ＂building the nation based on Confucianism＂ and ＂goveming the nation together with scholar officials＂ in the Song Dynasty enabled the benefit of social officials class keep consistency with that of the whole nation basically, which greatly inspired them to take official and anticipate in political activity, strengthened their consciousness of serving the nation as their own responsibilities. However, on account of the bulk and overstaffed bureaucracy, the redundant and extra officials and the constant group conflicts, there occurred a few scholar officials in the Song Dynasty who could realize their ideals to manage the nation by means of political power. Most of them showed strong interest in learning and culture while being an official. Therefore, many scholar officials were both officials and literates, and scholars as well, whose life practices and social roles had taken on multidimensional trends. What has made the Song Dynasty a prosperous period of time with perfect and abundant cultural achievements is closely related with the scholar officials＇ multidimensional social roles at that time.