土耳其政治现代化的历史轨迹

The Track of Turkish Political Modernization

加强中央集权的奥斯曼帝国改革,导致了官僚集团内部推动现代化力量的形成,这一力量最终推翻了帝国的王朝统治。奥斯曼帝国的改革和凯末尔改革都遵循着自上而下的权威主义模式,改革的内容主要集中在军事和政治方面,经济现代化长期受到忽视。凯末尔改革造成了上层官僚的世俗文化与下层人民的伊斯兰文化的断裂。当代土耳其多党民主制与经济现代化的发展将广大的农村人口卷入到现代化进程之中,同时经济精英也成长起来,土耳其的政治现代化有了国家体制之外的推动力量,权威主义的现代化模式遇到了挑战。军事政变与政治伊斯兰的兴起都反映了当代土耳其两种现代化道路与模式之间的矛盾与斗争。

The reform of Ottoman Empire resulted in modern bureaucratic elites who became main propellants of Turkish modernization thereafter, and molded the top-down pattern of modernization. Kemal inherited the pattern of political modernization of Ottoman Empire. With Multi-party system and economic development involving rural population in the process of modernization, the modernization pattern of authoritarianism was challenged. Military coup d＇etat and the rise of political Islam reflected the conflicts between the two kinds of modernization pattern.