还原概念内涵与演化之梳正

The Conceptual Meaning and Evolvement of Reduction

类别的混淆、反还原论的攻击、涉及知识的广泛,使还原的定义充满了分歧。这种分歧通过内格尔还原模型和奥本海姆、普特南还原模型得以澄清,他们分别从理论的精细逻辑结构和本体论基础对还原进行了规范性界定。还原的演化分为古代、近代、现代三个阶段,其中现代由于内格尔模型中的悖论又分裂成两条进路:一条是克米尼和奥本海姆的新模型——普特南和傅多的多重实现——金在权的伴随性;另一条是费耶阿本德的意义整体论——尼克斯的两种还原——凯切尔的实例否定——尼克斯的问题还原。还原的困境主要聚焦于术语意义变化、多重实现、生命现象非还原等问题,弱还原和部分还原、对还原内涵赋予新义以及从问题、实践、推理模式去洞察理论关系是解决这些困惑的三大策略。

Because of the confusion of reduction classification,continuous attack of anti-reductionist and the universality of application,reduction is filled with various different meanings. The confusion is clarified by Nagel＇s model and Oppenheim/ Putnams＇ model. From subtle logical structures and ontological grounds, respectively, they give reduction two different normative explanations. The evolvement of reduction includes three stages： archaic stage, middle stage, modern stage. Moreover, the modern stage has two different routes. One is Kemeny/Oppenheims＇ model, Putnam/Foders＇ multiple realization and Kim＇s supervenience. The other is Feyerabend＇s criticisms, Nickles on two concepts of reduction,Kitcher＇s diagnosis of the failure of reduction and Nickles＇s problem reduction. The troubles of reduction include meaning variance of terms, multiple realization and irreduction of life phenomena. Weak reduction and partial reduction, endowing reduction with new meaning and analyzing the relationship of theories in terms of practices, problems,and patterns of reasoning are three strategies to deal with those troubles.