投笔从戎:清末民初知识分子的一种职业走向解读

Renouncing the Pen for the Sword:An Analysis of the Vocational Tendency among the Intellectuals of Late Qing and Early Min

1901年清政府开始全面的革新运动——"新政",军事改革是这次改革的重头戏,由此导致社会对军人的极大需求。另一方面,科举制度的废除,中断了知识分子的晋升之路,由科举维系的知识分子的单一职业格局开始分化。在多元、复杂的分化过程中,大量知识分子一改过去"贱军"心理,积极投身军队,在社会上形成了从军热潮。造成这一局面的原因主要有三个:一是"学而优则仕"传统价值观的惯性影响;二是部队给予的优厚待遇成为吸引人才的另一个原因;三是"修身、齐家、治国、平天下"的传统道德观念的影响,使得许多人积极投身军队,为实现自己的理想寻求一种捷径。知识分子积极投身军队,对军队建设起了积极的推动作用,也改变了传统的社会风气,但也由此造成了军人干政的不利局面。

In 1901 the Qing Government began a comprehensive reform called ＂New Deal＂, and military reform was the essential part which led to great need of military personnel. Meanwhile, with the abolishment of the imperial civil examination system, the only way for the intellectuals to promote broke off, and the single career pattern started to differentiate. In the complex differentiation process, a large number of intellectuals joined the army. There are three reasons for this： firstly, the influence of the traditional value that a good scholar could be an official; secondly, the attraction of good payment supplied to the troop, and lastly, the influence of the traditional morality, ＂cultivating yourself, putting your family in order, running the local government well, and bringing peace to the entire country. ＂ The intellectuals did play an positive role in the improvement of army, and also changed the general mood of society, but it eventually resulted in a condition of military intervention.