战时重庆“有机知识分子”及其阶级道德基础研究--以余祖胜为例

A Study of Organic Intellectuals and their Class Moral Basis in Wartime Chongqing:The Example of Yu Zusheng

以余祖胜为代表的工人作家作为1940年代中国激进工人阶层中的一部分,在促进"阶级计划"的进程中是一群重要的人物。为了尝试在工人和知识分子之间架起一座桥梁,并粉碎社会强加于工人阶级的耻辱,余祖胜开始从事写作。写作既是余祖胜自我解放的一种方式,也是其表达信念的工具:首先,余祖胜用当时社会所能接受的语言,要求社会给予工人应有的尊严,在1940年代重庆工人阶级的形成过程中起到了一定的作用。其次,在其作品中,余将自己的伦理观念、政治需求与个人的亲身经历融合在一起,为知识分子塑造了社会和政治鞭挞者的新形象。余努力的结果是,他成长为葛兰西所说的"有机知识分子"的典型。余祖胜渴望成为一名他自己所定义的知识分子,同时他也认为工人应与知识分子一样拥有高尚的道德境界,这使他经常处于知识分子与工人之间的夹缝位置,与其他社会阶层成员之间的关系开始变得模糊。值得回味的是,在余去世后的十年里,知识分子的改造运动在中国广泛盛行起来。

The worker writers represented by Yu Zusheng were a part of the radical workers in China in the 1940s,and they were important figures in the process of advancing the 'class project'.In order to build bridges between workers and intellectuals as well as to break down stigmas ascribed to the working class by society,Yu turned to writing.Writing not only was a method for Yu to pursue personal liberation,but also a means to express his beliefs.Firstly,using language that could be accepted by society,Yu Zusheng asked society to give necessary dignity to workers,and his endeavors played an active role in the formation of the Chongqing working class in the 1940s.Secondly,in his works,Yu melded his personal experiences with his ethical ideas and political needs,and molded a new role for intellectuals — castigators of society and politics.As a result,Yu became a typical 'organic intellectual' as described by Antonio Gramsci.Yu Zusheng desired to become an intellectual defined by his own concept,and at the same time he suggested that workers should have a lofty morality just like that of intellectuals.Nonetheless,he was always in an awkward position between intellectuals and workers,and his relations with members of other social classes began to become ambiguous.It is worthy to note that ten years after his death the movement of remolding intellectuals was to prevail in China.