论东山嘴祭坛与中国古代的郊社之礼

A Study of Dongshanzui Altar and the Suburb Sacrifice Attributes in Ancient China

东山嘴红山文化祭坛是迄今为止,我国发现的形态最早、规模最大、层次最高的一处具有郊祭性质的史前社坛遗址,是后世南郊祀天、北郊祭地之礼的重要文化源头。在祭坛之上发现的裸女形象神主,应是来源于祖神的天神,其神格兼有天神和祖神属性,而与以往人们所说的属于自然崇拜性质的生育女神或地母等无关。红山文化先民的祖神、天神和地神彼此重合、互为一体的观念形态,正是商周之际以祖先配享天地和郊天禘祖之礼的历史文化渊源。

Hongshan culture altar in Dongshanzui is the prehistoric relic of altar with sacrifice attributes, which is the highest in rank, the earliest in form, and the largest in scale by far. It is the important origin of culture from which the worship of heaven and the celebration of earth in south and north were carrying out in the later generations. The naked goddess in the altar should be the goddes of heaven which comes from the god of ancestry. The goddess has the properties of god of heaven and earth, while she has none of business with god of reproduction or mother of earth with some nature worship. The ideology that the god of ancestry, god of heaven as well as god of earth for the ancient people in Hong Shan combine themselves and become well integrated with each other, plays a role of historical and cultural root in the shared dominations of the sacrifices of god of heaven and god of earth during both Shang and Zhou Dynasty.