我国七大流域河道生态用水现状评价

Situation Evaluation on River Channel Ecological Water Requirements of Seven Major Basins in China

从河流生态用水的基本属性出发,提出了河道生态用水"量"与"质"的评价方法,其中量的评价方法包括水资源利用率法、实测径流法、消耗系数等3种方法,质的评价是基于污径比指标进行评价,并确定了"量"与"质"的评价标准。以我国松花江、辽河、海河、黄河、淮河、长江、珠江等7个流域为例,采用上述方法进行实证分析,结果表明,如果单纯从量的角度进行评价,仅海河、黄河流域存在河道生态用水短缺现象,其它流域总体上为基本不短缺。但是如果对生态用水的质进行评价,只有松花江、长江和珠江的水质可以满足生态用水的要求,其它流域均在较差等级以下。结果表明只有从量和质两个方面进行评价,才能够揭示出我国生态用水的水量性或者水质性短缺的现实状况。

According to attributes of ecological water requirements, evaluation methods of river ecological flow was proposed in terms of water quantity and water quality. The water quantity evaluation methods included water resources utilization ratio method, measured runoff method, consumption coefficient method; and the water quality evaluation method was established based on wastewater-runoff ratio factors. The standards for water quantity and water quality evaluation were also proposed. Seven major basins of China, including the Songhuajiang River, the Liaohe River, the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River, and the Zhujiang River, were studied as examples by using the above methods. The results indicated that if these rivers were evaluated merely from water quantity, the ecological flow is lower than the water requirements standards in the Haihe River and the Yellow River; however, if these basins were evaluated at the same time of water quantity and water quality, the ecological flow is higher than the water requirement standards only in the Songhuajiang River, the Yangtze River and the Zhujiang River. These showed that actual ecological water shortage could be revealed only by evaluation methods on the basis of ＂water quantity＂ and ＂water quality＂ in China.