试论日本古代国家官僚制度

The Bureaucratic System in Ancient Japan

五位以上的有位贵族依据"官位相当制",在官僚机构内部担任高官,并在服制即朝服和礼服方面与六位以下官人相区别。有位贵族在政治、经济、法律和受教育方面具有很大的特权,享有一系列的优惠待遇。官人的出身资格大体分为五位以上官人的子孙的荫子孙、六、七、八位官人之子的位子和除此之外的白丁三种。荫位制,是五位以上的有位贵族子孙的主要出身之路。日本的学校与官吏出身制度的联系不是很密切,日本的学校的功能与其说是培养任用官吏的机构,不如说是在培养专家的同时,以使五位以上贵族子孙广泛了解经学为目的的一种经学传播机构。

According to the system of the equal broadcast, the nobles with the broadcast above five grades assumed the high office of bureaucracy, and distinguish the ones with broadcast below six in court dress and formal dress. They have the extinguish privilege in political, economical, legal and educational fields and enjoy a series of favorable treatment. The background qualifications of the officials can be roughly divided into three kinds： the shade descendants that were the descendants of the officials with five- above broadcast, the Weizi that were the son of the officials with broadcast of six,seven and eight, and people without any broadcast. The main background of the descendant with the broadcast above five was shade position system. Japanese school was not very close with the official family background system; the function of the school was not so much the organization that cultivated and assigned officials as the di.dissemination organization, which made the study of confusion classics spread widely between the descendants of the fiveabove broadcast officials, at the same time, cultivated experts.