青藏铁路格尔木至唐古拉山段的重要吸血双翅目昆虫的分布与活动规律

THE DISTRIBUTION AND ACTIVITY RHYTHM OF THE IMPORTANT BLOOD-SUCKING INSECTS (DIPTERA) ALONG THE QINGHAI-TIBET RAILWAY LINE FROM GERRMU TO TANGGULA MOUNTAIN

本文以人帐诱、畜诱、灯诱和网捕等方法研究了青海高原格尔木至唐古拉山铁路沿线重要吸血双翅目昆虫的分布与活动规律。结果共发现吸血双翅目昆虫4科8属52种，其中蚊科3属9种，蠓科2属24种，虻科4属10种和蚋科1属9种。优势种在沱沱河地区为沱沱河细蠓，纳赤台地区为沱沱河细蠓和灰股瘤虻，格尔木地区为凶小库蚊、黄背伊蚊、格尔木细蠓、灰股瘤虻、马蚋和乌什蚋。不同海拔高度吸血双翅目昆虫的种群组成不同，分布差异明显，密度指数高低相差悬殊，呈海拔递增其种类组成由复杂逐步转入简单且数量逐步增大的独特高原分布特征；生态习性在不同地理、海拔高度中蚊、蠓、虻、蚋虫的种群组成、密度指数、飞舞时域、觅食规律和活动高峰不同，均以白天活动为主，夜间不见飞舞，其中库蚊和库蠓的活动主要在早晨和傍晚，伊蚊、细蠓和虻、蚋虫活动主要在白天的10：00-18：00时。格尔木地区全年蚊、蠓、虻、蚋的活动主要在4-10月，活动猖獗期蠓虫为5月，蚊虫为6月，虻、蚋为7月。本研究初步掌握了青海高原格尔木至唐古拉山铁路沿线重要吸血双翅目昆虫的种群组成、地理分布和活动规律，给青海高原格尔木至唐古拉山铁路沿线蚊、蠓、虻、蚋类防治提供了科学依据。

The distribution and activity rhythm of the important blood-sucking insects （Diptera） along the railway line from Gerrmu to Tanggula Mountain was studied with person-trapping, tent-trapping, livestock-trapping, lamp-trapping and net method. The results indicate that there are 4 families, 8 genera and 52 species of blood-sucking insects （Diptera） were observed in this survey. Among them, 3 genera and 9 species of Culicidae, 2 genera and 24 species of Ceratapogonidae, 4 genera and 10 species of Tabanidae, 1 genus and 9 species of Simuliidae; Dominant species are L. （ H. ） tuotuoheensis in Tuotuohe, L. （ H. ） tuotuoheensis and Hy. zaitzevi in Nachitai, C. modertus, A. flavidorsalis, L. （H.） gee rmuensis, Hy. zaitzevi, S. （ W. ） equinum and S. （ W. ） wushiense in Gerrmu. As altitude is different, the composition of population of blood-sucking Diptera is also different, divergence of distribution is obvious and a dramatic disparity showed in density index of these species. The composition of species is the unique distribution characteristics of plateau, with the increase of altitude, its＇ quantity increases progressively and the species involved changes from complex to simplicity. The composition, density, flight time, rhythm of seeking food of the blood sucking Diptera insects varied with geographical sites and altitudes. Most of them act diurnally, few nocturnal species were observed. Culex and Culicoides mainly act in dawn and nightfall, while Aedes, Leptoconops, gadflies and blackflies mainly act from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. In Gerrmu, mosquitoes, midges, gadflies and black flies mainly appeared from April to October, the appearance peak of midges is May, June of mosquitoes, July of gadflies and blackflies. The observations provide with basis to control mosquitoes, midges, gadflies and blackflies reasonable in the areas.