略论满语濒危过程

Simply on the Endangering Course of Manchu Language

满语的使用经历了由单一少数民族使用的语言发展成为全国通用的国语,之后又逐渐衰落,直至最后退出使用的过程。整个过程可以分为两个阶段,第一阶段为清入关前时期,此时满语的使用非常稳定,不仅满族自身将其作为主要的交际工具,而且还有部分蒙古、汉等民族亦学习并使用满语。第二阶段为清军入关后直至清末,这一阶段基本展示了满语使用从兴盛至衰退的整个过程。

The use of Manchu had undergone a course from a minority language to a national one, then gradually on the wane until to die finally. The whole course could be divided into two phases： the first one is before entering the Shanhai Pass of Manchu people, during which Manchu was used steadily not only by the Manchu themselves as an unique communicative tool but also by part of Mongolian and Chinese; the second one is since entering the Shanhai Pass to the end of Qing Dynasty, during which the whole process of Manchu from prosperous to deadline could be showed clearly.