伪《尚书》的出现及考辨的历史

The Birth of the False Shangshu and the History of Its Textual Research

伪《尚书》的考辨经历了从西汉到清乾嘉时期长达近1800多年的历史。一些人出于炫名、牟利或其他目的,先后伪造了两部伪《尚书》,一部是汉成帝时东莱人张霸伪作的百二篇《尚书》,另一部是东晋元帝时豫章内史梅赜献的《古文尚书》,共五十八篇。该书前有一篇伪造的孔安国《序》,及孔安国为《古文尚书》作的传。其次,还零散地出现一些伪篇。百二篇《尚书》当时就被确定为伪书。《泰誓》等伪篇经过马融等人的考辨,也真相大白。从北宋开始,一些学者开始怀疑梅赜所献《古文尚书》的真实性,首先发疑的是宋代的吴棫,其后朱熹不仅对其发疑而且进行了考辨,他对经书疑辨的示范作用影响深远。明代的梅鷟首次运用科学的方法对其进行了考辨,直接启迪了清初阎若璩等人作进一步全面系统的论证,最终宣示了伪《古文尚书》作伪的结论。

The textual research of the false Shangshu sees more than 1800 years from West Han to the Qianjia periods of Qing Dynasty. In order to be famous, or make profits, or something else, two false Shangshu have been made： one was written by Zhang Ba, which was thought of as a false book at that time ; the other by Mei Ze-xian in East Jin Dynasty. From the North Song Dynasty on, some scholars began to question the truth of Shangshu by Mei Ze-xian. Wu Yue questioned the False Book of History in Ancient Chinese firstly, and then Zhu Xi not only questioned it, but verified it, which had great influence. Mei Zu, living in the Ming Dynasty, was the first scholar who used the scientific method to verify, which influenced Yah Ruoqu in the early Qing Dynasty to prove it further systematically, and sentenced the false Book of History in Ancient Chinese.