个人项目运动员自我设限的影响因素

Factors Affect Self-Handicapping of Individual Sport Athletes

自我设限是指个体针对可能到来的失败威胁事先设置障碍,为失败创造一个合理的借口,从而保护自我价值,维护自我形象。通过两项研究考察了个人项目运动员自我设限倾向和行为的影响因素。研究一通过对来自不同运动水平和运动项目的187名运动员的调查研究发现,运动员自我设限倾向和整体自尊具有中等水平的负相关(r=-0.450,P<0.010),低自尊的运动员拥有更高的自我设限倾向;成就目标定向的主效应显著(F=3.104,P=0.028),高任务/低自我定向的运动员自我设限倾向低于采用其他目标定向方式的运动员,而其他各组之间无显著性差异;控制了自尊水平之后,运动水平不会对运动员的自我设限倾向产生影响(F=0.200,P=0.819)。研究二以61名大学生运动员为被试,采用2×2组间实验设计,以自我设限倾向(高、低)和运动情境重要性(重要、不太重要)为自变量,自陈式自我设限行为为因变量,做多因素方差分析。结果表明,自我设限倾向的主效应显著,F(1,57)=19.381,P=0.000;情境因素的主效应不显著,F(1,57)=2.648,P=0.109;自我设限倾向和情境因素的交互作用达到了边缘显著性水平,F(1,57)=3.184,P=0.076,交互作用不容忽视,有必要进一步讨论。高自我设限倾向的被试在重要情境中表现出更多的自陈式自我设限行为,而低自我设限倾向的被试在不同重要性的情境中表现几乎无差异。两个研究中所使用的量表均有可接受的信、效度。

Self-handicapping is a strategy of self-protection when individuals face an evaluation threat. This research examined factors affect self-handicapping of individual sport athletes by two related studies. Study one investigated 187 athletes from different sports and levels. The results suggested that trait self-handicapping was negatively related to self-esteem （r=- 0. 450 ,P=0. 010）, and athletes with low self-esteem got high scores in trait self-handicapping. Goal orientation had significant main effect （F = 3.104, P = 0.028 ）. High- task/low- ego oriented athletes had lower trait self-handicapping than athletes adopted other orientation mode. Sport level had no effect on trait self-handicapping of athletes （F= 0. 200, P = 0. 819） when self-esteem was controlled as a covariate. Study 2 recruited 61 college athletes to examine the effects of trait self-handicapping and importance of situation on self-reported self-handicapping. The results indicated that trait self-handicapping had significant effect on self-reported self-handicapping （F=19. 381, P=0. 000）. The interaction of the two factors could not be ignored although it didn＇t meet the 0.05 significant level （F= 3.184, P = 0. 076）. Athletes with high trait self-handicapping used more self-reported self-handicapping strategies in important sport situation while athletes with low trait self-handicapping used less self-reported self- handicapping strategies whether it was in important sport situation or not. Reliability and validity of the scales and questionnaires were both acceptable.