减体重对女子举重运动员运动能力的影响及营养干预的效果

The Effect of Weight Reduction and Nutritional Intervention on the Athletic Performance in Female Weightlifters

目的:探讨在运动训练中的慢速减体重、赛前快速降体重和赛前体能恢复期间实施营养学干预对运动员减重后运动能力的影响。方法:12名女子举重运动员随机分成实验组和对照组,每组6人。实验组和对照组运动员进行统一的运动训练并采用等同能量的饮食。实验组减重期间服用减重棒、维生素和电解质等运动营养食品,在减重后的恢复期服用快速能量补充制剂和维生素电解质强化运动营养补充;对照组服用相应的安慰剂。分别在减重前后对两组对象进行有氧能力和无氧能力测试。运动员在减重实验前与实验期间填写饥饿度自评表。结果:实验组运动员体重从实验前的67.4±14.2kg下降到快速减重后的64.6±14.1kg,对照组从67.4±15.5kg下降到64.3±15.4kg。实验组在快速减重后的恢复阶段,6分钟乳酸稳态实验后即刻血乳酸浓度、心率以及主观疲劳评分显著低于对照组。两组在慢减期后、快减期后和恢复阶段,30秒Wingate测试单位体重的最大功率、平均功率和最小功率均无显著性差异,但实验组在快速恢复第1天和第3天单位体重的最大功率显著高于实验前。结论:科学地减少饮食热量摄入能够按照既定的目标减轻体重;快速能量补充制剂和维生素、电解质的复合补充制剂能够明显促进运动员减体重后身体快速恢复,保持无氧能力和有氧能力;以魔芋为主要成分的减重棒能明显减轻减体重期间的饥饿感。

Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of nutritional intervention on athletic performance in weightlifters undergoing gradual bodyweight reduction and rapid bodyweight reduction in order to improve the performance after the weight loss. Methods Twelve female weightlifters were divided into two groups randomly： experimental group and control group. The athletes in both groups were trained at the same intensity and supplied with the same diet. But the subjects in experimental group were supplied with enriched food, including weight-loss bar, vitamins, electrolyte during weight reduction and after the weight-loss, while those in control group were supplied with the placebo. Aerobic and anaerobic capability of the subjects in both groups was tested before and after weight-loss. Results The weight of the experimental group and control group decreased from 67.4±14.2kg to 64.6±14. lkg and from 67.4±15.5kg to 64.3±15.4kg, respectively. In the recovery period after the rapid weight reduction, the blood lactate concentration, heart rate and neural fatigue grade of the experiment group decreased significantly as compared with the control group. In the Wingate anaerobic test, there was no significant difference in the peak power per body weight, mean power and minimal power during chronic weight-loss, rapid weight-loss and the recovery phase. However, the peak power per body weight of the experiment group was much higher than the basic value in the first day （P1） and the third day （P3） after the rapid weight-loss. Conclusion The scientifically restricted energy intake caused the body weight loss. The combined supplementation with extra vitamins and electrolyte could help maintaining sports performance, keeping the aerobic and anaerobic capability.