《三字经》满、蒙文本及仿制本述论

A Study on the Manchu and Mongolian Texts of Three-Character Canon and Their Imitations

《三字经》历来被公认为中国古代流传最广、影响最大的幼学启蒙教材之一。清朝建立后,《三字经》满、蒙文本相继问世,对满、蒙民族居住地区教育的发展以及满、蒙民族的文化与汉民族文化的交流起到了很大的促进作用。鸦片战争前后出现了多种类型的《三字经》仿制本,其中既有外国来华传教士编撰的基督教《三字经》仿制本,又有太平天国刊印的通过宣传基督教来号召推翻清王朝的《三字经》仿制本,还有医学版等专题性质的《三字经》仿制本。此外,日本在江户时代及明治维新后也出现了多种版本的《三字经》仿制本,产生了广泛的影响。因此,《三字经》不但是文化教育史上的重要文献,而且是文化教育交流史上的重要文献。

Abstract： Sanzijing （Three-Character Canon） has long been acknowledged as one of the most wide-spread and influential children＇s primers. Under the educational policy of the Qing dynasty, Sanzijing came into being in both the Manchu language and the Mongolian language. Afterwards, bilingual texts became available in the Chinese-Manchu or Chinese-Mongolian format. Word-by-word and sentence-by-sentence annotations were made by following the annotated texts of Sanzijing in the past dynasties. As a result, it contributed greatly to the educational development in the areas inhabited by Manchu and Mongolian ethnic groups and to the cultural exchanges between these two groups and the Hart nationality. Around the period of Opium War, with the trend of the dissemination of Western learning and the arrival of Western missionaries, came out the Sanzijing which focused on the spread of Christian doctrine. The main editions include the one compiled by W. H. Medhurst, an English missionary, and the two by American missionaries C. Hartwell and H. Blodget. These Christian imitations were adapted from the basic content of the Bible and in the similar format of the original Sanzijing. In this sense, they are a special kind of preaching books. Different to some degrees from the above-mentioned imitations are another two editions of Sanzijing in imitation, compiled by Sophia Martin, an English missionary and printed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom respectively. The former edition intended for female students taught them to believe in God and to do good in line with the secular ethic and morality. It was of great practical value in that it was concerned with many daily aspects of women＇s life, including many commonly-used Chinese characters. The latter edition, which introduced and preached Christian doctrine, was an attempt to elaborate on the uniqueness of God and universality of Christianity by incorporating some Chinese historical knowledge. Moreover, it advocated Chinese peasants＇ rebellion to overthrow the Qing dynasty. In this case, it produced a revolutionary influence when it was adopted as the textbook for the kingdom schools to educate the peasants＇ children. During the Qing dynasty when Sanzijing found its way well into the academic field, imitations of Sanzijing on several specialized topics emerged, notably the medical edition, which drew wide attention. The two representative works included Sanzijing on Medicine by Chen Nianzu, a noted Qing doctor and Sanzijing on Ophthalmology by Hu Yinchen, a medical scholar in the Qing. These two medical Sanzijing are characterized by the integration of specialized knowledge with the imitated form of language of the original Sanzijing. On the other hand, Sanzijing in Chinese was introduced into Korea, Japan, Vietnam and some other neighboring countries and regions, The Edo period and Meiji Restoration in particular witnessed the appearance of many imitations of Sanzijing, which exerted some wide influence on the cultural and educational exchanges between China and Japan. Therefore, Sanzijing is an important document not only in the history of culture and education but also in the history of cultural and educational exchanges.