重新分析的无标化解释

The demarking account for reanalysis

语法化理论和历史句法学某些重要文献对重新分析的动因及单向性的解释仍有进一步完善的余地。本文基于汉语及跨语言资料提出“无标化解释”，认为促使重新分析实际发生并常呈单向性的根本原因是人类语言对无标记状态的追求。表达需求的无限拓展和表达方式的新奇性追求总会诱发语言的有标记现象，主要由现有手段的扩展所致，可称旧瓶装新酒现象。对此，语言会产生回归无标记状态的推力，于是通过重新分析实现无标化，产生新酒塑新瓶的效应。无标化的路向主要有两种，一种是结构简化（包括几种具体情况）。一种是语法形式和语义的自然匹配。两种因素总体上是合力共谋关系，有时主要由一个因素起作用，但一般不会发生二者的矛盾冲突。

The explanations for the motivations and unidirectionality of reanalysis given in some important works on grammaticalization and historical syntax are still open for improvement. Based on Chinese and cross-linguistic facts, the present paper proposes a ‘demarking account’ for reanalysis, claiming that the fundamental factor that triggers the occurrence of reanalysis and that makes the process a unidirectional one is the preference of human languages for the unmarked state. Unlimited expressional need and the pursuit of novelty in linguistic expression often lead to some marked states in a language via expanding the functions of the existent grammatical means, like the Chinese saying ‘old bottle containing new wine’. As a reaction to this, a force tends to arise in a given language to push the marked structure in question to return to an unmarked state through reanalysis. This demarking mechanism could be described as ‘new wine shaping new bottle’. There are two major processes for demarking. One is the structural simplification and the other is the natural match between forms and meanings. The two processes are largely in conspiracy. Sometimes, only one factor plays the role. Usually they do not conflict.