2Bradley EL, Young PR Jr, Chang MC, et al. Diagnosis and initial management of blunt pancreatic trauma: guidelines from a multiinstitutional review. Ann Surg,1998,227(6) :861.
3Wilson RH, Moorehead RJ. Current management of trauma to the pancreas. Br J Surg,1991,78(10) :1196.
4Takishima T, Sugimoto K, Hirata M, et al. Serum amylase level on admission in the diagnosis of blunt injury to the pancreas : its significance and limitations. Ann Surg, 1997,226(1) :70.
5Clements RH, Reisser R. Urgent endoscopic retrograde pancreatography the stable trauma patient. Am Surg, 1996,62(6) :446.
6Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Jurkovich GL, et al. Organ injury scalling Spleen and Liver( 1994 revision). J Trauma, 1994,38(5) : 323.
7Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Malangoni MA, et al . Organ injury scaling Ⅱ :Pancreas,duodenum, small bowl, colon and rectum. J Trauma,1990,30(11) :1427.
8Stone HH,Strom PR,Mullins RJ.Management of the major coagulopathy with onset during laparotomy[J].Ann Surg,1983,197(5):532 -535.
9Rotondo MF,Schwab CW,McCoriqel MD,et al."Damage control":an approach for improved survival in exanguinating penetrating abdominal injury[J].J Trauma.1993,35 (3):375 -383.
