施肥对旱作冬小麦植株水分变化与光合生理特性的影响

Effect of Fertilization on the Water Regime and Physiological Characteristics of Photosynthesis in Winter Wheat under Rainfed Farming Conditions

研究表明,中等以上肥力的冬小麦水浇地改为旱作时,通过合理施用有机肥和氮素化肥,可使土壤保持较高的含水量。随着有机肥用量的增加,植株叶片气孔导度变小,蒸腾速率与光合速率下降,叶片保水能力增强,提高了小麦植株的光合作用效率。与施用化肥相比,有机肥在降低植株叶片相对含水量、脱水速率方面作用显著。这些生理特性的改善,导致小麦产量提高11％,从而达到充分利用当地自然降水,节约地下水,降低生产成本,获得与水浇麦田相当的高产目的,是今后小麦高产栽培中值得重视的一条途径。

The results of this study showed that rational application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer could maintain relatively high water content in the soil when irrigated winter wheat fields with medium fertility was turned into rainfed ones. With increased quantity of manure applied the stomatal conductance of the leaf and the rates of transpiration and photosynthesis decreased, leading to increased water holding capacity in the leaves and increased efficiency of water usage during photosynthesis. Furthermore, when compared with the application of chemical fertilizers, the organic manure showed a pronounced effect on the reduction of the relative water content and the rate of water loss in the leaves. With the improvement of these physiological characteristics, the grain yield per unit area under rainfed conditions was increased by 11%, approximately equivalent to that of the irregated wheat field. Another objectives of full u-tilization of natural precipitation, saving underground water and reducing production cost could be realized. Thus, the application of manure on rained wheat field is a very effective high-yielding culture practice for winter wheat in the future.