戴东原“群”“欲”观念的思想史回溯

Thinking History Review of Dai Dongyuan's Notion of "Community" and "Desire"

本文从戴东原"群""欲"概念上溯先秦儒家礼义起源于饮食男女。饮食之道可以引喻个人与众人生命的安稳与否,男女婚配则可匹配天地五行之义,故所谓饮食男女,实又不仅仅止于饱食与性欲。儒家以血缘为基础,以两性生命之结合为开端,开展各种社群关系的价值,究其实则俱不离形体生命的繁衍;而价值观念的形成,也都不离血气心知合一的身体。自"欲"至"群",人类社会始简终大、始寡终众,儒家伦理价值观念由此而生。戴东原群、欲之论,与先秦儒典旧义有承继发展之关系。先秦儒者重视饮食男女之身体活动的道德价值提升与开展,东原则特别勾勒出一个分殊与一体并存的世界,注入儒典尤其是《孟子》之中,提揭其中的社群意识。东原的案例提醒了我们:对于先秦儒家经典的义理,在宋明理学典范性的解释以外,还有另一条康庄大道可以依循。

The main theme of this paper is to clarify the notion of “desire” within the context of Dai Zhen＇s thought by examining the cultural meaning of “yinshi” （food and drink） and “nannu” （having sex） as two main factors in the Confucian rituals of the pre - Qin period. I am not intending to argue physical satisfaction of eating and sexual intercourse as the ultimate goal of Confucianism. Human needs food and drinks to survive, yet food and drinks are also treated as holy sacrifices. A man and a woman can have sex anytime in any places, but the holiness of marriage and family value can only be guaranteed by the complicated rites and by interpreting marriage as a humanistic symbol of the fusion of yin （negative） and yang （positive） of the universe. The distance in between rituals and physical satisfaction may not be obvious, but the difference is huge. Through the clarification of the intellectual meaning of desire, we can understand the consciousness of community of the pre - Qin Confucian philosophers and how Dai Zhen inherits and develops their thought through the study of ancient rituals.