西部地区动物资源现状及持续发展对策

The distribution of freshwater fish and the relationship between species diversity and basin characteristics of main rivers in China

中国西部地区包括陕西、宁夏、青海、新疆、西藏和内蒙古西部，其总面积占国土总面积的４６．５２％，人口占全国总人口的８．３３％。共有陆生脊椎动物１２７３种，占国内２４１４种的５２．７３％。其中：两栖类８１种，占国内两栖类的２８．５２％；爬行类１１９种，占３４．６９％；鸟类７８１种，占６２．８３％；兽类２９２种，占５３．６６％。有２５９种仅分布在西部地区，占西部地区陆栖脊椎动物种数的２０．３５％，我国大型有蹄类几乎全部集中在西部地区。这里有国家保护的陆栖脊椎动物１７４种，占全国３３３种的５２．２５％；我国特有鸟、兽５４种，占国内特有鸟、兽的６０．６７％。西部地区丰富的动物资源蕴藏着巨大的经济价值、科学研究价值和生态效益。因环境破坏，乱捕滥猎，近一个世纪以来确知已有普氏野马（Ｅｑｕｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉ）、高鼻羚羊（Ｓａｉｇａｔａｔａｒｉｃａ）、虎（Ｐａｎｔｈｅｒａｔｉｇｒｉｓ）和灰冠鸦雀（Ｐａｒａｄｏｘｏｒｎｉｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉ）４个物种在西部地区消失。朱（Ｎａｐｐｏｎｉａｎｉｐｐｏｎ）已成为极危种类，大熊猫（Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｃａ）、普氏原羚（Ｐｒｏｃａｐｒａｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉ）?

The cluster analysis of distribution of the freshwater fish of 13 rivers in China was dealt with. The results showed that the geographical variations of freshwater fish of Minjiang River and Jiulong River were the lowest. The Oujiang River and Qiantang River, Huaihe River and Huanghe River, and the rivers in Northeast China were clustered together early respectively. When coeficients of dissimilarity were 0.60～0.69, 13 rivers were divided into 3 clusters: the rivers of Northeast China, rivers between Huanghe River and Zhujiang River, Yuanjiang River of Yunnan Province. The effects of the characteristics of the river basin on species numbers of freshwater fish had been studied by using correlationships and regression analysis. There were positive significant correlationship among the diversity of freshwater fish species and the drainage area of the rivers (P<0.05), the discharge of the rivers per year averagely (P<0.01) respectively. The diversity of fish species of the river per unit area and per unit length of mainstream related positively with the runfall and the falling gradient of the rivers (P<0.01) respectively and related negatively with the average latitudes of the rivers (P<0.05). The result of PCA showed that 1st and 2nd principal components revealed correlations among absolute and relative numbers of fish species and the characteristics of the river basin respectively.