美国污泥管理体系风险评价方法

An Overview of Risk Assessment Method Used in the Constitution of American Regulatory Requirements on Sludge

503法规是美国污泥土地利用方面的规范,阐述了美国环境保护局(USEPA)在制定该法规过程中所采用的风险评价方法,并介绍了风险评价的4个阶段:危害鉴定、剂量响应评价、接触评价和风险特性.其中,危害鉴定是风险评价的第一要素,决定了影响的本质,它是指一种污染物对接触的人或生态系统所产生的确定影响;剂量响应评价是评估某种污染物产生一定响应所需化学药品的剂量;接触评价是在环境污染物浓度经测出后,评价有关接触人口的各种特性指标;风险特性则利于对污泥风险进行管理.

The latest regulation on land application in America is EPA 40CFR Part503. Risk assessment method used in the constitution of the 503 Regulations was reviewed, four stages including hazard identification, namely dose-response evaluation, exposure evaluation, characterization of risks were introduced. The nature of evaluation is determined by hazard identification, which is the first factor to risk assessment and the deterministic impact to human or eeo-system caused by the pollutions. The main content of dose-response evaluation is to evaluate the dose of chemicals when the response forms the pollution. Exposure evaluation is to evaluate all kinds of characteristic data form the exposed people after the concentration of environmental pollutions, is measured and detected. The identification of characterization of risks is necessary to risk management.