环境水体中铊的测定方法研究进展

Advance on The Method Determining Thallium in Environmental Waters

铊(Tl)是一个典型性的毒害重金属元素,对哺乳动物的毒害高于Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn等元素。铊广泛分布于自然界的水体中,含量较低,但大量的铊通过矿山开采、金属冶炼、工业生产、地热开发,以及电子产品等途径进入水体,给人类带来巨大的危害。传统的测定方法如分光光度法、电分析化学法以及原子吸收法等由于自身的局限性已经不能满足目前的要求。为了对水体中的铊进行有效的监测和治理,必须发展铊的测试技术。本文建议推广如电感耦合等离子体/质谱法流动注射分析以及其他更加灵敏、准确的测定方法。并展望了环境水体中铊的测定方法的发展趋势。

Thallium is a typical toxic element and can cause chronic and acute poisoning. Its toxicity to mammals is stronger than those of the mercury, cadmium, lead, copper or zinc. Since the discovery of Thallium in 1861, it has been known that many accidental,occupational and therapeutic poisonings were caused by the toxicity of Thallium. Thallium is widely distributed in the natural waters with generally very low concentration. However, a large amount of thallium could be brought into environmental waters through mining,metal refining,industrial production,geothermal development, and electronic products to cause strong harmful effect on life of human beings. Traditional analytical methods, such as spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry and electroanalysis, are not satisfied for determining low or trace concentrations of thallium in environmental waters due to their own limitations. Therefore, the analytic technique for determining low thallium concentrations should be developed in order to effectively monitor and treat thallium pollution in waters. It is suggested that high sensitive and simple analytical technique such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）, flow injection analysis,neutron activation analysis, proton induced X-ray emission and other high sensitive methods, should be adopted. The prospective of methods for future determining thallium concentrations in environmental waters detection has been given in this paper.