明中央与西南土司关系:以赐服制为中心的考察

On the Relationship between the Ming Government and Tusi in Southwest China——An Exploration to Costume Bestowing System

明政府利用赐服制对西南土司的管理方法有两种,其一通过赏赐与土司首领品级相当的朝服、公服,旨在通过统一外在形象达到政治一统的目的;其二景泰、正德年以后,在品官制服之外赏赐飞鱼服、斗牛服、麒麟服。希望通过额外赐服达到弥补明廷财政拮据的目的。这虽与朱元璋在明初确立的对西南夷"怀德"的安抚政策表面上没有太大的区别,但实际上明统治者对西南夷的统治政策和明初已有了本质区别。

The Ming government employed two methods in the management of Tusi in Southwest China by way of Costume Bestowing System. One was to bestow court dress and official costumes according to the ranks of Tusi leaders, so as to attain their goal of political unity by unifying their outer appearances. The other was to bestow the costumes of Flying Fish, Bull Fight and Kylin in addition to ranked official costumes after the reign Jingtai and the reign Zhengde. The Ming government hoped to fill up the financial difficulties by bestowing additional costumes. This was not greatly different from the policy of pacification to Southwestern minorities established by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in the early Ming Dynasty, but actually the policies of the Ming rulers to Southwestern minorities had had essential differences from those of the early Ming rulers.