煤矿粉尘监测与矿尘成分分析

Coal mine dust monitoring and elements assaying

目的:监测煤矿井下粉尘浓度,评价煤矿粉尘危害水平;分析煤尘的组成成份,为探讨粉尘性职业损害机制提供依据。方法:运用粉尘采样器采集煤尘,计算作业场所瞬时总粉尘浓度(PC-STEL)和时间加权平均呼吸性粉尘浓度(PC-TWA)。运用焦磷酸质量法测定煤矿粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量。原子吸收光谱法,测定粉尘中主要金属与类金属元素含量。结果:(1)甲、乙两矿PC-STEL分别为13.61±17.65mg/m3、39.35±148.10mg/m3,超过国家标准,样本超标率分别为52.9%、55.8%;PC-TWA分别为3.20±8.42mg/m3、2.15±2.07mg/m3,超标率分别17.5%和30.2%。(2)游离二氧化硅含量为9.60mg/m3,甲矿显著高于乙矿#(P<0.05),岩巷作业显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。(3)粉尘中Ni、Pb、Mn、As、Cd、Fe、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu等金属与类金属元素的含量分别为16.2±6.5μg/g、50.6±36.1μg/g、103.4±54.7μg/g、37.5±44.4μg/g、235.9±292.4ng/ml、6224.6±4295.5μg/g、12715.8±26930.8μg/g、919.7±915.4μg/g、656.7±774.5μg/g和28.2±12.8μg/g;不同煤矿粉尘中金属与类金属元素的含量显著不同,同一煤矿不同采样点(工种)间亦有显著差异。结论:煤矿作业场所粉尘污染仍比较严重,应进一步完善防、降尘体系;10种金属与类金属元素的含量占总粉尘的2.1%。

To monitor dust in coal mines for evaluation on dust hazards and assay its elements in order to provide science evident for exploring the dust occupational injury mechanism, coal mine dust were sampled by dust sampler for measuring the admissible level under short-term contact （PC-STEL） and the time-weighted average admissible concentration （PC- TWA）. The concentration of free-silica were measured by coke-phosphate-quality and the component of metal and metalloid elements in coal mine dust were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results should that （ 1 ） The PC-STEL were 13.61±17.65 mg/m^3, 39.35±148.10 mg/m^3 in two coal mines, which exceeded the national standard and the extra-ratio were 52.9% and 55.8%. The PC-TWA were 3.20±8.42 mg/m^3, 2.15±2.07 mg/m^3 and the extra-ratio were 17.5 % and 30.2%. （2）The concentration of free-silica was 9.60 mg/m^3 ; one coal mine was significantly higher the other （ P 〈 0.05） ; and the worker place of rock opening was obviously higher than others （ P 〈 0.05）. （3） The content of Ni, Pb, Mn, As, Cd, Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu were 16.2±6.5μg/g, 50.6±36.1μg/g, 103.4±54.7μg/g, 37.5±44.4μg/g, 235.9±292.4ng/ml, 6224.6±4295.5μg/g, 12715.8±26930.8μg/g, 919.7±915.4μg/g, 656.7±774.5μg/g and 28.2±12.8μg/g in coal mine dust, respectively. The content was different in different coal mines and in different sampling places even in a coal mine. Conclusions were made that dust pollution was still serious in coal mines. It is necessary to take effective measures （for example, to better the preventive system of dust workplace） for controlling the dust level. The content of ten type metal and metalloid elements occupied about 2.1% among coal mine dust.