我国氨的排放量和时空分布

Ammonia Emission and Concentration in the Atmosphere over China

根据我国的实际情况讨论了各种氨排放源的排放因子，计算了各种氨源的贡献，以动物的贡献最大，占５２％。１９９３年我国氨的排放量为１２Ｍｔ，排放量最大的是河南、山东和四川，排放密度最大的是上海。在北京、广西、广东、湖南、江西和山东测定了大气氨的浓度，北京大气氨浓度有明显的季节变化，春季平均为１６μｇ／ｍ３，夏季最高为４１μｇ／ｍ３，冬季只有３２μｇ／ｍ３。一般夜间氨的浓度高于白天。测定了氨的垂直分布，并计算了氨浓度的标高。

The first ammonia emission survey in China is presented Sources of atmospheric ammonia considered include livestock wastes, fertilizer application, some industrial activities and human being The NH 3 emission factors we used for animals and industrial activities are the mean values of NH 3 emission factor listed in literature The kind of fertilizer application in China and Europe is different Major fertilizer is ammonium dicarbonate in China and calcium ammonium nitrate and urea are mainly used in Europe Because NH 4 HCO 3 is more volatilizable than calcium ammonium nitrate, so the NH 3 emission factor in China is much more larger than the factor in Europe Based on the situation in China the emission factor for fertilizer was determined to be 14 8% for acidic soil and 24 0% for alkaline soil The statistical figures on ammonia emission amount for 27 provinces (autonomous regions) and 3 cities of China were shown The NH 3 emission amount in Henan, Shandong and Shichuan provinces was largest (>980 kt/a) The places in which ammonia emission density was more than 4 t/(km 2·a) were Shanghai, Shandong, Henan, Tianjin and Beijing The total ammonia emission amount in China was 12 Mt in 1993 with a major coutribution (52%) from livestock wastes The NH 3 concentrations in atmosphere were measured in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Shandong, Jiangxi and Beijing The NH 3 concentrations varied with season in Beijing The mean value reached 16 μg/m 3 in spring but only 3 2 μg/m 3 in winter in Beijing From diurnal pattern it can be seen that NH 3 concentrations at night were often higher than those observed during the day The ammonia concentrations were also measured at different elevations in Shichuan, Hunan and Guangdong provinces Results show that ammonia concentrations was decreased with increasing altitude and the scale height was in the range 500～1040 m