从决定论到建构论——知识社会学理论发展轨迹考略

An Outline of the Developmental Trace of Knowledge Sociology Theory

对知识社会学从孕育到产生再到发展的演变过程的考察表明,人们对知识与社会之间关系的认识已经形成了多种理论主张,主要有维柯的一体论、孔德的决定论、马克思的因果论、曼海姆的关联论、迪尔凯姆的符合论、韦伯的亲和论、舍勒的互动论、默顿的范式论以及伯格与拉克曼的建构论等,呈现出以一体论为基础,从决定论到互动论再到建构论的发展趋势。建构论既承继了已有的研究传统,又超越了已有认识,对知识与社会的关系获得了较为深刻和全面的理解,认为知识的社会性涵括了知识与社会之间的决定关系与互动关系,充分彰显了知识社会学的魅力与价值。

It is shown by analyzing the evolution of knowledge sociology from its brewing and generation to development, that there have been a variety of theories about the relationship between knowledge and society in the history, mainly such as Vico’s unitinism, Comte’s determinism, Marx’s causalitism, Mannheim’s relationism, Durkheim’s fitinism, Weber’s affinitism, Scheler’s interactionism, Merton’s paradignism, and Berger and Luckmann’s constructivism, which presents the developing trends from the determinism to interactionism, then to constructivism at last based on unitinism. The constructivism inherits the tradition of the research and has a little more profound and general understanding beyond the existing ideas through making the sociality of knowledge include the relationship of determination and interaction between knowledge and society, fully turning on the charm and value of sociology of knowledge.