1Malamed SF. Local anesthetics: dentistry's most important dings, clinical update. J Calif Dent Assoc, 2006, 34(12) : 971 - 976.
2李仲廉编.临床疼痛治疗学.第2版.天津:天津科学技术出版社,2000.261-268.
3Malamed SF, Gagnon S, Leblanc D. Articaine hydrochloride: A study of the safety of a new amide local anesthetic. J Am Dent Assoc, 2001, 132 (2): 177 - 185.
4Vree TB, Gielen MJ. Clinical pharmacology and the use of articaine for local and regional anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2005, 19 (2) :293 - 308.
5Nusstein J, Berlin J, Reader A, et al. Comparison of injection pain heart rate increase, and postinjection pain of artlcaine and lidocaine in a primary intraligamentary injection administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system. Anesth Prog, 2004, 51(4):126 - 133.