张载心学结构发微

A Probe into Zhang Zai's Philosophy

关于横渠学说为"气本论"或"气一元论"的传统观点需要重新思考。从横渠学说的整体来看,他以"气"的升降屈伸论宇宙万物之生成为始,而以"心"统摄会归天下一切万物为终。前者是形下之器的世界的无尽展开,后者则是形上之道的世界的无穷开显,而性气合一或形上与形下合一的归极之所则在于"心"。因此,就横渠学说之整体结构来看,乃呈现为一个完整的"心学"构造。而以"气本论"或"气一元论"来概括横渠学说,实际上只注意到了横渠学说中"气"之形下开展的方面,是未必能得横渠学说之真际的。如必欲以某种"主义"来论定横渠之学,则恐不如称之为"性气不二论"为更能得其实情。

The traditional view on Zhang Zai＇s philosophy needs careful reconsideration. On the whole, Zhang＇s theory starts discussing the beginning of the universe with the concept of ＂Qi＂, and concludes with the concept of ＂mind＂ as the convergence. The former unfolds the physical world while the latter shows a metaphysical world. The combination of form and Qi finds the ultimate residence in the ＂mind＂. Therefore, from the perspective of Zhang＇s overall philosophical structure, we can see that his theory is based in a ＂mental framework＂. His concept of Qi is only an aspect of the physical world, which is far from being a complete picture of his philosophy. So it will be more acceptable is his philosophy is defined as the theory of nature and Qi combined.