中国共产党在早期执政中的宪政思想探源--“俄共(布)党团-苏维埃”政制的主权视角

On Constitutionalism of the CPC during Its Early Ruling Practice——From the Perspective of the Political Regime "Leading Party Group of RCP(Bolshevik)-Soviet"

中国共产党从创立"红色革命政权"时起,就受到了"俄共(布)党团—苏维埃"政制的直接影响,也开启了探索分权制衡国家主权的宪政思考与实践。列宁根据布尔什维克党与社会民主党共存于苏维埃政权之内的特殊国情,创设了"布尔什维克党团—苏维埃"政制,后来演变为"俄共(布)党团—苏维埃"政制,它发挥了巩固俄共(布)执政地位的政治作用。由于一党制条件下缺乏分权制衡的制度安排,导致了苏俄国家政治生活中曾反复出现"党""国"不分、"以党治国"等严重后果。列宁领导下的布尔什维克党一经执政就开始了分权制衡一国之内最高政治统治权威——国家主权——的宪政思考,试图对政治上高度集权的政治体制展开分权制衡的宪政探索,并集中体现于调整党与苏维埃权力关系的政制设计与实践中,但由于斯大林主义的泛起而半途而废。中国共产党在早期执政中,独立自主地展开一党制条件下分权制衡的宪政探索;它是列宁提出的调整党与苏维埃权力关系的宪政思想的继续与发展,并对当下改革党的执政方式、构建社会主义政治文明具有重要的历史参考价值。

The Communist Party of China has been affected by the political regime of 'leading party group-soviet' directly since the beginning of 'red revolution Regime'.The regime of 'leading party group of Russian Communist Party(Bolshevik)-soviet' founded by Lenin was lack of check and balance which was inherently resulted from its one-party-ruling system.Lenin tried to make adjustments and probed into the theory of constitutionalism,but the rising Stalinism gave it up halfway.Communist Party of China began to its exploration of theory of check and balance independently during its early practices.The article makes a deep study on the thought of constitutionalism of the CPC and argues that such exploration is the development of Lenin's thought of adjusting relationship between the ruling party and state,and CPC's early thought is a valuable reference to the reform of ruling way of CPC and to the construction of political civilization.