专利法的伦理基础——以生物技术专利问题为例证

Ethic Basis of Patent Law:From the Perspective of Patent Problem of Biotechnology

专利法必定以一定的伦理哲学为支撑,并非是可以回避道德判断的"纯技术规范"。现在主导专利法律领域的是功利主义伦理观,其在理论上存在缺陷,在实践中又造成利益分配失衡和忽视人权等基本法律价值的局面。回归道义论传统,确立正当对善的优先地位,在促进技术进步等功利目标之外不违背基本的伦理原则,是专利法正当性的必然要求。尊严原则优于分配正义,分配正义优于效率原则,构成一个"词典式序列"。由尊严原则的优位可以得出人类基因序列不具有可专利性的结论。分配正义的优位则要求在遗传资源相关的专利法律问题上体现知情同意和惠益共享的生命伦理,惠顾遗传资源所有者或保有者这一"最少受惠者的最大利益"。

Criticizing the trend of off - ethics and utilitarianism in patent law, this article suggests that patent law should be justified according to the morals. The conception of justice of patent law includes but not limits to the maximization of social welfare, and includes the demand of dignity principle and distributive justice besides utility. There is a lexical order that dignity principle takes priority of distributive justice, and distributive justice takes priority of principle of efficiency.