脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油的瓶颈问题及其对策

Bottleneck and Countermeasure on Biodiesel Production by Lipase-catalysis

生物柴油,一种新型的清洁能源燃料,具有可再生、可生物降解、环境友好等优良的品性,可部分或全部替代石化柴油。碱催化法、脂肪酶催化法及超临界法是合成生物柴油的主要工艺,其中脂肪酶催化法是一种节能型、环保型工艺,在节能和环保方面,有着碱催化法无可比拟的优越性,具有良好的工业应用前景。但目前在实现产业化的进程中仍存在如酶成本高、稳定性较差、甲醇对酶的失活效应及反应时间长等瓶颈问题。通过固定化技术和全细胞催化剂的采用、甲醇流加方式的改进、溶剂工程的改善及酰基受体和耐醇酶的开发等技术手段,结合固定床生物反应器,较好地解决了这些瓶颈问题,从而推进了酶催化法合成生物柴油的工业化进程。主要对酶法合成生物柴油工艺存在的主要问题及相应对策研究进展进行概括介绍,并对其工业化发展前景进行讨论。

Biodiesel, a nontoxic, cleaning, renewable and biodegradable fuel, is expected as a substitute for conventional fossil diesel. There are three main approaches to produce biodiesel, alkali-catalysis processing, enzymatic-catalysis processing and supercritical processing. With the unique property of energy-saving and environment-friendly, enzymatic-catalysis appears a great potential for industrial application. The main bottleneck of this technology is high cost and low stability of the lipase, as well as the inactivation of lipase by methanol and so on. To settle the problem, several methods have been used including the fixed-bed bioreactor, enzyme immobilized processing, whole-cell biocatalyst, changing addition method of methanol, developing of novel acyl acceptor, enhancing methanol resistance of lipase. The main problems and the relative strategy research of the enzymatic-catalysis technology were sum up.