动物源性饲料检测技术研究进展

Detection of the Animal Origin Materials in Feedstuff: A Review

饲料安全与动物生产、环境污染和人类健康密切相关。动物废弃物进入饲料行业曾经弥补了蛋白质饲料不足的缺口,但却带来了新的问题。自1986年第1例BSE出现后,世界许多国家和地区相继出台相关饲料法规以规范饲料行业,普遍禁止动物源性饲料在反刍动物生产中应用。因此,需要切实可行的检测技术为保障饲料安全提供技术支持。作者以组织学特征为基础的显微镜分析方法、以蛋白质和DNA为基础的免疫学和PCR分析方法、高效液相色谱法和近红外光谱法在动物源性饲料组分中的研究应用进展等方面做了综合评述。

Feed safety, including feed authenticity, is an important concern related to human health, as well as animal production and environmental issues, resulting in an increasing pressure on governmental policy and different levels of the food production chain. Animal meal, due to its high nutritional value as a mineral-and protein-rich additive, is an important ingredient of compound feed in livestock production. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy （BSE） was diagnosed in British cattle in 1986. Current evidence shows that the disease originated from supplementary feed containing meat and/or bone meal contaminated with a scrapielike agent derived from sheep or cattle. In order to avoid a further spread of BSE, and other epidemic diseases, several countries have prohibited the inclusion of different types of animal byproducts in ruminant feed, and in general meat and bone meal（MBM） is prohibited from such use. For the detection of animal materials and their origin identification, several techniques are currently used including microscopy, immunoassay, HPLC and polymerase-chain-reaction （PCR）. The microscope examination is the official method to prove animal-originated adulterations of feeds, however, it was impossible to identify the species involved, and this technique is time-consuming and requires experienced staff and microscopic equipment. The application of conventional protein based methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, Isoelectric focusing and chromatography failed to detect heat-treated proteins. Molecular biological techniques allow the demonstration of DNA in heat-processed samples. The Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR） is a very sensitive method and will play an important role for species differentiation soon. Unfortunately, false-positive results occasionally occur.