中国水土流失的历史演变

History of Soil Erosion Evolution in China

中国是世界上水土流失最严重的国家之一,农业开发历史悠久、人口众多等诸多人文因素所导致的加速侵蚀是水土流失加重的重要原因。依据中国农业发展3个不同时期(原始农业时期、传统农业时期、现代农业时期)水土流失问题的时空变化特点,将我国水土流失历史分为5个阶段。其中,第1个阶段处在原始农业时期,基本维持自然侵蚀;第2～4个阶段发生在传统农业时期,属人为加速侵蚀发生、发展阶段;第5个阶段发生在现代农业时期,水土流失进一步加剧,但近来水土保持措施已初见成效。然而,随着国家经济的不断发展,城市化进程的加快,以及大量工程建设、矿产资源开发规模的不断加大,新的水土流失问题正在涌现。如何有效地处理经济发展与环境保护的关系仍将是今后工作的重点。

China is one of the countries suffering from the severest soil erosion in the world. Evolution of soil erosion in China has been related to the accelerated erosion resulting from human activities for its long term agricultural history and large population. In view of the spatial and temporal variations of soil erosion and according to the three periods of Chinese agricultural development （primitive, traditional, and modern agriculture periods）, this paper divides the history of soil erosion in China into five stages. The first stage was in the primitive agriculture period and characterized mainly by natural erosion. The second to fourth stages in which the man-made accelerated erosion occurred and expanded were in the traditional agriculture period. The fifth stage occurs in the modern agriculture period, in which the soil erosion is even serious, but the effect of soil erosion control has emerged recently, However, some new problems of soil erosion are appearing because of the rapid development of economy, accelerating urbanization, tremendous constructions, and the enlarging exploitation of mineral resources. How to balance economical development and environmental protection will still be the key issue in the future.