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Traceability, international standardization programs,and world-wide reference systems in laboratory medicine

Traceability, international standardization programs,and world-wide reference systems in laboratory medicine
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摘要 随着科学与技术的发展,临床检验近年出现了许多新的检验项目,尤其是利用免疫学原理对某些浓度很低的特殊蛋白的检测,但这些检测的结果可以是方法特异的,一种方法结果可能无法与其他方法结果相比较。为实现标准化或一致化,不同免疫分析的方法设计需具有可比性,校准物需溯源至同一参考物质。新的欧盟法规要求体外诊断产品的校准物和控制物的定值需具有溯源性,此要求适用所有体外诊断产品,对全球制造商和临床实验室产生影响。溯源原理基于EN ISO 17511,方法间结果的可比性有赖于合理设计的参考系统。此参考系统包括下列基本要素:足够明确的分析物定义,参考测量程序,适当的一级和次级参考物质,经过认可的参考实验室网络,临床溯源性相关信息,以及测量不确定度表述等。溯源性通过不间断的校准链(溯源链)实现,后者由交替出现的测量程序和校准物质组成。SI溯源链始于分析物的SI单位定义,随后通过一级参考测量程序和一级参考物质传递SI单位。量值的准确性或正确性源于一级参考测量程序和一级参考物质,但由于一级参考物质价格昂贵,一级参考测量程序无法在常规检测中应用,尚需中间的校准物和方法将准确性传递至产品校准物,最终至患者样品。每一次传递都会增加误差或不确定度,因此溯源链的传递步骤越少越好。正确的传递链要求每一测量程序的检测特异性和每一校准品的互通性,达不到这些要求会使溯源链中断。制造商还需确定校准品定值的不确定度并将这一信息提供给用户,在计量学上不确定度与定值同样重要。临床实验室位于溯源链的终端,结果的溯源性有赖于制造商所使用和描述的参考测量程序和参考物质。建立校准物的溯源性和改进检验结果的可比性需要标准化计划,这意味着使检测结果尽可能接近上一级参考测量程序得到的真值。采用较低级别的公认方法为特定的参考物质定值时,上述过程表述为“一致化”,而不是“标准化”,因为一致的结果不一定是真值。为整理和公布检验医学现有较高级别参考物质、参考测量程序和参考实验室,国际计量局(BIPM)、国际临床化学联合会(IFCC)和国际实验室认可协会(ILAC)成立检验医学溯源联合委员会(简称JCTLM)。JCLTM的主要任务是通过实施参考系统,建立检验结果溯源性,改进其可比性,从而提高医疗卫生质量并降低费用。JCTLM设立工作框架,按照国际标准(ISO 17511,15193,15194)建立参考物质和参考测量程序认定步骤。工作任务被很快确立并付诸实施,包括建立参考物质和参考测量程序列表,建立参考实验室网络,建立新的参考物质和参考测量程序的审批程序,以及合作研发新的参考物质和参考测量程序。 In recent years the development of numerous new laboratory tests was a direct result of the continuously improving knowledge about human biochemical processes, the availability of new technologies and the introduction of modem computer-supported instruments. The current approach based on automation in the modem laboratory has resulted in a wider range of immunoassays for the measurement of specific proteins at low or very low concentrations with high throughput and increased reproducibility, e.g. acute phase proteins [ high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A l, procalcitonin, cytokines, proteohormones, tumor associated antigens, cardiac markers (troponins or BNP/NT-proBNP), hormones, and drugs. New methods and instruments, however, may give test results that are specific for a certain assay or analytical instrument but are not comparable with results for other methods.
出处 《中华检验医学杂志》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2008年第3期250-252,共3页 Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine
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参考文献8

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