先秦法家的术治思想与马基雅维利的术治思想之比较研究

The camparative stduy on the thoughts of governance art between the Fajia school before Qin Dynasty and Machiavelli

先秦法家与马基雅维利基于人性恶的基础上,提出君主在紧握权力的前提下,必须具备高明的统治术和驭臣术,否则君主将不成其为君主。先秦法家诸子在向君主积极奉献治术的同时,也为君主设计出许多令人谈之色变的诡诈手段。马基雅维利为实现国家统一,向洛伦佐二世献上了他多年来苦心思索的研究成果。他极力倡导君王为达目的,可以采取一切必要之手段。从此,政治无道德论这顶"桂冠"扣在了马基雅维利头上。其实只要我们看看先秦法家诸子,尤其是韩非所设计的阴谋诡计,似乎也无多少道德可言。

Based on the assumption of evil nature of human being, the Fajia school before Qin Dynasty and Machiavelli argued that the sovereign must have the art to govern and control the liege with the promise of tightly keeping power, otherwise the sovereign was not the real one. The polititions from the Fajia school advised the sovereign of ways of governing while designing many tricks for sovereign that maked people tremendously scared. Machiavelli dedicated his results from many years research to Lorenzo Ⅱ in order to realize the unity of the country. He advocated that the sovereign could take advantage of all necessary means to realize his goal. Since then, the view of non-moral politics was ascribed to Machiavelli. If we review the Fajia school before the Qin Dynasty, especially the tricks suggested by Han Fei, it is hard to find the moral concerns in his thoughts.