从夫琅和费看英德光学制造业的起落

Joseph Fraunhofer’s Influence on the Rise-down of British and German Optical Industry

德国科学家夫琅和费(Joseph Fraunhofer,1787-1826)的一生成就了德国光学事业的第一个巅峰,他的光学玻璃和光学仪器制造技术令当时的世界各国惊叹,并被认为是精密光学的开山祖师。19世纪早期,在工业革命降低技工社会地位的同时,英国还对他们的玻璃制造者施加苛刻政策,对技工的漠视不可避免地导致了英国光学工业霸权的丧失,而在德意志,特别是在巴伐利亚,夫琅和费的技工技术与积极进取、锐意改革的巴伐利亚政府相结合制造出了使世界引以为傲的精密光学设备。

German optieist Joseph Fraunhofer（1787--1826）＇s life lead to the first peak of German optical industry. His technology in manufacture optical glass and optical instruments is advanced in the world at his time and was regards as the founder of precise optics. In the early 19th century,British＇ s rigorous policy and ignorance upon glass manufacture,accompanied by the debasement of the social status of artisan caused by the industrial revolution,lead to its loss of hegemony in optical industry inevitably; while in Germany, Bavaria in particular, the confluence of Fraunhofer＇s artisanry technology and progressive policy of Bavaria government produced outstanding precise optical instruments in the world.